Prompt engineering is the science and art of crafting, testing, and optimising input queries to guide LLMs towards specific, high-quality outputs. Liu et al. (2023) describe it as an "empirical science" that combines linguistic precision with an understanding of model architectures, transforming human intent into machine action. Unlike
Generative AI can inject bias and error at every stage of the model lifecycle (Mehrabi et al. 2021, Suresh & Guttag 2019). Consequently, for any researcher who chooses to use these tools, the primary task is not simply to generate outputs, but to continuously and rigorously validate them. This challenge
On 2 April 2025, OpenAI introduced PaperBench, a novel performance evaluation system designed to assess AI agents’ capabilities in replicating cutting-edge artificial intelligence research. Developed as part of the OpenAI Preparedness Framework, which measures AI systems’ readiness for complex tasks, PaperBench specifically challenges AI agents to accurately replicate 20 significant
Recent advancements in the mathematical capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have sparked interest, yet detailed human evaluations from the 2025 USAMO (USA Mathematical Olympiad) reveal that current models fall significantly short in generating rigorous mathematical proofs. While benchmarks like MathArena paint a positive picture of LLM performance on the
On 9 April 2025, the European Commission unveiled the AI Continent Action Plan, aimed at revitalising Europe’s artificial intelligence industry and enhancing its competitiveness against the United States and China. The plan focuses on five key areas, including developing a large-scale AI computing infrastructure, increasing access to high-quality data,
In 2025, AI agents built on foundation models are revolutionising enterprise environments, surpassing traditional generative AI solutions. While most organisations still deploy ChatGPT-like applications, leading companies are adopting autonomous AI agents that respond to commands and execute complex business processes with minimal human intervention. Data-driven results from enterprise implementations demonstrate
Bias in artificial intelligence systems has become a critical concern as these technologies increasingly influence decision-making across domains such as healthcare, criminal justice, and employment. Bias manifests as systematic errors that lead to unfair or discriminatory outcomes, often disproportionately affecting marginalised groups. Understanding the origins of bias is essential for
On 4 April 2025, GitHub released a public preview of its official, open-source Model Context Protocol (MCP) Server, enabling developers to facilitate seamless communication between artificial intelligence models and the GitHub API. This development is significant as it provides a unified approach for AI models to access GitHub functionalities, such
On 8 April 2025, Amazon announced the Nova Sonic foundation model, which combines speech understanding and speech generation into a single model, enabling more human-like voice-based conversations in AI applications. This new technology not only comprehends what is said but also how it is said—including tone, style, and speech
The European Commission is set to propose simplifications to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), introduced in 2018, focusing primarily on reducing administrative burdens for small and medium-sized enterprises in the coming weeks. The planned amendments aim to enhance the competitiveness of European businesses while preserving the GDPR’s core
According to a study published by Forethought Research on 26 March 2025, the complete automation of AI research and development could potentially lead to a software-driven intelligence explosion. The researchers examined what happens when AI systems become capable of fully automating their own development processes, creating a feedback loop where
European Union regulators are preparing to impose significant penalties on Elon Musk's social media platform X for violating the Digital Services Act (DSA), which could include a fine exceeding $1 billion and forced product changes. The EU investigation launched in 2023 found that X broke the law by
