Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative field within computer science, encompassing technologies that enable machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and problem-solving. In academic literature, AI is often categorised into three primary types: Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
The conceptual foundations of Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerged in the 1940s, most notably through Alan Turing’s work on computation. In his influential paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Turing (1950) introduced the “Imitation Game” (now the Turing Test) as a pragmatic benchmark for determining whether a machine could mimic human
The concept of Artificial Intelligence is characterised by conceptual plurality, reflecting divergent disciplinary perspectives and evolving technological capacities (Bringsjord & Govindarajulu 2024). Whilst numerous definitions have been proposed, there is no universally accepted formulation. Instead, understandings of AI range from attempts to replicate human cognition to approaches centred on rational
